Student-Authored Publications on Health and Health Care

Urban and Rural Districts Showed a Strong Divide During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the Second American School District Panel Survey May 11, 2021

Heather L. Schwartz, Melissa Kay Diliberti, Lisa Berdie, David Grant, Gerald P. Hunter, Claude Messan Setodji
In this report, researchers summarize results from the second survey of district leaders by the RAND Corporation's American School District Panel. The survey covered 2020–2021 school year instruction and scheduling, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) testing and vaccines, enrollments, budget, and staffing. The results are intended to inform policy and education practices related to educators' and students' needs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
American School District Panel Winter 2021 COVID-19 Survey May 11, 2021

Heather L. Schwartz, Melissa Kay Diliberti, Lisa Berdie, David Grant, Gerald P. Hunter, Claude Messan Setodji
A total of 434 district leaders from school districts and charter management organizations (CMOs) took the second survey of the American School District Panel between January 21 and March 5, 2021. This tool presents weighted survey results that are nationally representative of school districts in the United States.
Reopening Under Uncertainty: Stress-Testing California's COVID-19 Exit Strategy May 10, 2021

Pedro Nascimento de Lima, Raffaele Vardavas, Lawrence Baker, Jeanne S. Ringel, Robert J. Lempert, Carolyn M. Rutter, Jonathan Ozik
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic required significant public health interventions from local governments. To help in those decisions, researchers used the Robust Decision Making approach to stress-test California's COVID-19 reopening strategy. This Perspective presents lessons learned from these experiments and outlines four characteristics of the best strategies.
Did Experience with Digital Instructional Materials Help Teachers Implement Remote Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic? May 4, 2021

Katie Tosh, Ashley Woo, Sy Doan
In this Data Note, researchers examine teachers' use of digital and comprehensive curriculum materials during the 2019–2020 school year prior to COVID-19 pandemic disruptions, teachers' perceptions about the extent to which their digital materials connected to their main curricula, and how teachers' use of digital materials prior to the pandemic was connected to teaching and learning during school closures in spring 2020.
Messaging Strategies for Mitigating COVID-19 Through Vaccination and Nonpharmaceutical Interventions April 30, 2021

Luke J. Matthews, Andrew M. Parker, Monique Martineau, Courtney A. Gidengil, Christine Chen, Jeanne S. Ringel
This Perspective addresses the importance of effectively matching the message, the audience, and the sender to encourage people to get a COVID-19 vaccine. It offers suggestions about how to leverage variations between individuals in such factors as risk perception and variation among U.S. subcultures for tendencies to follow rules or act for the collective good. It further discusses how to deal with misinformation.
Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial of a Text Messaging-Based Intervention for Smoking Cessation Among Young People Experiencing Homelessness April 28, 2021

Joan S. Tucker, Sebastian Linnemayr, Eric R. Pedersen, William G. Shadel, Rushil Zutshi, Maria DeYoreo, Irineo Cabreros
This is the first study to evaluate the feasibility of using a text messaging-based intervention (TMI) for behavior change with 18–25 year olds experiencing homelessness, and the first to test a TMI to provide ongoing support for smoking cessation.
Research Funding for Women's Health: A Modeling Study of Societal Impact: Findings for Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementia Model April 22, 2021

Matthew D. Baird, Melanie A. Zaber, Andrew W. Dick, Chloe E. Bird, Annie Chen, Molly Waymouth, Grace Gahlon, Denise D. Quigley, Hamad Al-Ibrahim, Lori Frank
Using microsimulation analyses, examines the societal cost impact of increasing research funding in Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease related disorders.
Societal Impact of Research Funding for Women's Health in Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease–Related Dementias April 22, 2021

Matthew D. Baird, Melanie A. Zaber, Andrew W. Dick, Chloe E. Bird, Annie Chen, Molly Waymouth, Grace Gahlon, Denise D. Quigley, Hamad Al-Ibrahim, Lori Frank
Without information on the potential return on investment for women's health research, stakeholders lack a basis for altering research investments to improve knowledge of women's health. In this report, the authors examine the societal cost impact of increasing research funding in Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease–related dementias and find that investing in women's health research yields benefits beyond investing in general research.
Modeling COVID-19 Nonpharmaceutical Interventions: Exploring periodic NPI Strategies April 22, 2021

Raffaele Vardavas, Pedro Nascimento de Lima, Lawrence Baker
Develops a COVID-19 transmission model used as part of RAND's web-based COVID-19 decision support tool that compares the effects of nonpharmaceutical public health interventions on health and economic outcomes.
Reducing Hospital Spending: Three Policy Options April 21, 2021

Jodi L. Liu, Zachary M. Levinson, Nabeel Qureshi, Christopher M. Whaley
This Research Brief summarizes the spending impact of policy options to reduce hospital prices paid by private health plans, outlining design choices and effectiveness levels for each approach.
U.S. Prescription Drug Prices Are 2.5 Times Those in Other OECD Countries April 14, 2021

Andrew W. Mulcahy, Christopher M. Whaley, Mahlet Gizaw, Daniel Schwam, Nathaniel Edenfield, Alejandro U. Becerra-Ornelas
RAND researchers used 2018 prescription drug volume and price data to compare U.S. drug prices with those in 32 other nations, both overall and for specific categories of drugs, such as brand-name and generic medications.
An Evidence Map of Randomised Controlled Trials Evaluating Genetic Therapies March 12, 2021

Eric Apaydin, Andrea Richardson, Sangita M. Baxi, Jerry Vockley, Goke Akinniranye, Rachel Ross, Jody Larkin, Aneesa Motala, Gulrez Shah Azhar, Susanne Hempel
This evidence map provides a broad overview of the genetic therapies that have been evaluated in randomised controlled trials for efficacy and safety.
Cost Evaluation of Integrating Local HIV and Housing Data to Facilitate Service Coordination in Four Demonstration Sites March 12, 2021

Michele Abbott, Ryan K. McBain, Lisa Wagner, Harry H. Liu
As part of the evaluation of a federal initiative to integrate HIV medical and housing data at four local jurisdictions in the U.S., we estimated the financial costs of implementing data integration occurring from June 2016 to August 2018.
Food Insecurity in a Low-Income, Predominantly African American Cohort Following the COVID-19 Pandemic March 11, 2021

Tamara Dubowitz, Bonnie Ghosh-Dastidar, Wendy M. Troxel, Robin L. Beckman, Alvin Kristian Nugroho, Sameer M. Siddiqi, Jonathan H. Cantor, Matthew D. Baird, Andrea Richardson, Gerald P. Hunter, et al.
Longitudinal data highlight profound inequities that have been exacerbated by COVID-19. Existing policies appear inadequate to address the widening gap.
Modeling Agent Behaviors for Policy Analysis Via Reinforcement Learning March 9, 2021

Osonde A. Osoba, Raffaele Vardavas, Justin Grana, Rushil Zutshi, Amber Jaycocks
This paper examines the value of reinforcement learning models as adaptive, high-performing, and behaviorally-valid models of agent decision-making in Agent-based Models.
COVID-19 Testing in K–12 Schools: Insights from Early Adopters March 9, 2021

Laura J. Faherty, Benjamin K. Master, Elizabeth D. Steiner, Julia H. Kaufman, Zachary Predmore, Laura Stelitano, Jennifer T. Leschitz, Brian Phillips, Heather L. Schwartz, Rebecca L. Wolfe
To help schools safely return to in-person instruction, this report describes approaches that early adopters of COVID-19 testing in U.S. K–12 schools were using as of December 2020, highlighting key facilitators that made testing feasible, acceptable, and effective. It also provides recommendations to school leaders, district officials, and policymakers on how to support the implementation of COVID-19 testing in schools.
What Contributes to COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Black Communities, and How Can It Be Addressed? March 1, 2021

Laura M. Bogart, Lu Dong, Priya Gandhi, Samantha Ryan, Terry L. Smith, David J. Klein, Luckie-Alexander Fuller, Bisola O. Ojikutu
Recent polls show that Black Americans are less willing than Americans of other races or ethnicities to be vaccinated for COVID-19. The authors surveyed Black Americans to better understand the drivers of such hesitancy. They identify public health messaging and communication strategies that may be successful in addressing COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and increasing vaccination acceptance in Black communities.
Stress Topped the Reasons Why Public School Teachers Quit, Even Before COVID-19 February 22, 2021

Melissa Kay Diliberti, Heather L. Schwartz, David Grant
In the years before the COVID-19 pandemic, about 8 percent of public school teachers left the profession annually. Very high rates of teacher burnout and low levels of morale during the 2020–2021 school year portend elevated teacher attrition by the end of it. The authors of this report show how important stress has been—more so than pay—in public school teachers' reasons for quitting, and that COVID-19 has exacerbated the high levels of stress.
Impact of Policy Options for Reducing Hospital Prices Paid by Private Health Plans February 18, 2021

Jodi L. Liu, Zachary M. Levinson, Nabeel Qureshi, Christopher M. Whaley
The authors analyze the spending impact of policy options to reduce hospital prices paid by private health plans, with various design choices and effectiveness levels for each approach. They estimate that price regulation could have the largest impact on hospital prices and spending but would likely face political challenges, while improving price transparency and competition could help reduce prices—but to a lesser extent than price regulation.
Primary Care Productivity: Findings from the Literature and Perspectives from a Stakeholder Panel February 17, 2021

Susanne Hempel, Idamay Curtis, Stephan D. Fihn, Annie Brothers, Marjorie Danz, Karin M. Nelson, Aneesa Motala, Lisa V. Rubenstein
To advance understanding of primary care clinic productivity, the authors reviewed relevant literature and convened a diverse set of stakeholders to explore definitions of productivity, input, and output in primary care; identify relevant tools; and establish consensus on key aspects of primary care productivity.
Adapting Course Placement Processes in Response to COVID-19 Disruptions: Guidance for Schools and Districts February 16, 2021

Jonathan Schweig, Andrew McEachin, Megan Kuhfeld, Louis T. Mariano, Melissa Kay Diliberti
In spring 2020, as schools began remote learning or closed in response to the pandemic, end-of-year assessment programs ground to a halt. Schools began the 2020–2021 year without assessment data, which usually help with course placement. The authors of this report compare and contrast three strategies that use older test data to estimate missing scores, examining the consistency of these strategies and whether they ensure equity among students.
Association of Primary and Specialty Care Integration on Physician Communication and Cancer Screening in Safety-Net Clinics February 12, 2021

Ashley M. Kranz, Jamie Ryan, Ammarah Mahmud, Claude Messan Setodji, Cheryl L. Damberg, Justin W. Timbie
This study aimed to describe strategies CHCs use to integrate care with specialists and examine whether more strongly integrated CHCs have higher rates of screening for colorectal and cervical cancers and report better communication with specialists.
A Comparison of National and International Approaches to COVID-19-Related Measures January 29, 2021

Mahshid Abir, Megan K. Beckett, Wenjing Huang, Hamad Al-Ibrahim, Joan Chang, Florian F. Schmitzberger, Kirstin W. Scott, Peter S. Hussey
To track how well different countries and U.S. states are responding to the pandemic—and to make valid cross-country and cross-state comparisons of key outcomes—uniform measures are needed. The authors of this report evaluate the comparability of commonly used COVID-19-related measures and make recommendations for the use and development of measures that would allow for more standardized and valid comparisons.
International Prescription Drug Price Comparisons: Current Empirical Estimates and Comparisons with Previous Studies January 28, 2021

Andrew W. Mulcahy, Christopher M. Whaley, Mahlet Gizaw, Daniel Schwam, Nathaniel Edenfield, Alejandro U. Becerra-Ornelas
Understanding the extent to which drug prices are higher in the United States than in other countries is useful when developing and targeting policies to address both growth in drug spending and the financial impact of prescription drugs on consumers. This report provides findings related to international prescription drug price comparisons, noting that 2018 drug prices in the United States were substantially higher than those in other countries.
Teachers Are Not All Right: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Is Taking a Toll on the Nation's Teachers January 15, 2021

Julia H. Kaufman, Melissa Kay Diliberti
Findings discuss issues affecting teacher wellbeing during the pandemic, including higher workloads and increased teacher burnout.

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Student-Authored Publications on Health and Health Care

Urban and Rural Districts Showed a Strong Divide During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results from the Second American School District Panel Survey May 11, 2021

American School District Panel Winter 2021 COVID-19 Survey May 11, 2021

Reopening Under Uncertainty: Stress-Testing California's COVID-19 Exit Strategy May 10, 2021

Did Experience with Digital Instructional Materials Help Teachers Implement Remote Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic? May 4, 2021

Messaging Strategies for Mitigating COVID-19 Through Vaccination and Nonpharmaceutical Interventions April 30, 2021

Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial of a Text Messaging-Based Intervention for Smoking Cessation Among Young People Experiencing Homelessness April 28, 2021

Research Funding for Women's Health: A Modeling Study of Societal Impact: Findings for Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementia Model April 22, 2021

Societal Impact of Research Funding for Women's Health in Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease–Related Dementias April 22, 2021

Modeling COVID-19 Nonpharmaceutical Interventions: Exploring periodic NPI Strategies April 22, 2021

Reducing Hospital Spending: Three Policy Options April 21, 2021

U.S. Prescription Drug Prices Are 2.5 Times Those in Other OECD Countries April 14, 2021

An Evidence Map of Randomised Controlled Trials Evaluating Genetic Therapies March 12, 2021

Cost Evaluation of Integrating Local HIV and Housing Data to Facilitate Service Coordination in Four Demonstration Sites March 12, 2021

Food Insecurity in a Low-Income, Predominantly African American Cohort Following the COVID-19 Pandemic March 11, 2021

Modeling Agent Behaviors for Policy Analysis Via Reinforcement Learning March 9, 2021

COVID-19 Testing in K–12 Schools: Insights from Early Adopters March 9, 2021

What Contributes to COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Black Communities, and How Can It Be Addressed? March 1, 2021

Stress Topped the Reasons Why Public School Teachers Quit, Even Before COVID-19 February 22, 2021

Impact of Policy Options for Reducing Hospital Prices Paid by Private Health Plans February 18, 2021

Primary Care Productivity: Findings from the Literature and Perspectives from a Stakeholder Panel February 17, 2021

Adapting Course Placement Processes in Response to COVID-19 Disruptions: Guidance for Schools and Districts February 16, 2021

Association of Primary and Specialty Care Integration on Physician Communication and Cancer Screening in Safety-Net Clinics February 12, 2021

A Comparison of National and International Approaches to COVID-19-Related Measures January 29, 2021

International Prescription Drug Price Comparisons: Current Empirical Estimates and Comparisons with Previous Studies January 28, 2021

Teachers Are Not All Right: How the COVID-19 Pandemic Is Taking a Toll on the Nation's Teachers January 15, 2021